Interest and Perseverance Are Not Enough to Be Physically Active: The Importance of Self-Efficacy toward Healthy Eating and Healthy Weight to Move More in Adolescents.

(1) Background: Insufficient physical activity in adolescents remains an important issue for health promotion. Given the current relevance of understanding the adoption and maintenance of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), the aim of this study was to analyze, in a sample of adolescents, the role of grit personality as an antecedent of healthy eating and healthy weight (HEW) self-efficacy and its implications for the practice of MVPA. (2) Methods: Participants were 987 adolescents (597 girls, 390 boys) aged between 15 and 19 years from Mexico and Spain. The Spanish versions of the grit personality scale, the healthy eating and weight self-efficacy scale and the global physical activity questionnaire were used to measure the variables of interest. (3) Results: Mediated regression analysis showed that grit personality was not directly related to MVPA practice. However, the results indicate the significant relationship between grit personality and HEW self-efficacy, as well as the positive and significant relationship of this self-efficacy on MVPA practice. HEW self-efficacy totally mediated the relationship between grit personality and MVPA in both boys and girls. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that having a grit personality (i.e., having interest and perseverance) is not enough for adolescents to be physically active, but that perceiving oneself as effective in having a healthy diet and healthy weight may be the key for adolescents to move more. At the intervention level, we suggest targeting an enhancement of young people's competence to eat healthily and regulate their weight as a strategy to enhance the performance of more MVPA, with a possible transfer between healthy behaviors (spill over).

El estilo transformacional del entrenador/a como facilitador de la identidad social de jóvenes jugadores/as de baloncesto: el papel mediador de las necesidades psicológicas básicas / O estilo transformador do treinador como facilitador da identidade social dos jovens jogadores de basquetebol: o papel mediador das necessidades psicológicas básicas / Coach’s transformational leadership style as a facilitator of the social identity of young basketball players: the mediating role of the basic psychological needs

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la asociación entre el estilo de liderazgo transformacional de entrenadores/as y la identidad social de los/as deportistas, explorando el papel mediador de la satisfacción/frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los/as deportistas. Participaron 524 jugadores de baloncesto (325 chicos, 180 chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 17 años (M = 13.85; DT = 1.56) pertenecientes a diferentes clubes de la provincia de Valencia (España). Los resultados mostraron asociaciones significativas entre todas las variables del estudio. Asimismo, se confirmó el papel mediador de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas entre el liderazgo transformacional del entrenador/a y la identidad social de los/as deportistas. La mediación de la frustración de dichas necesidades no resultó significativa. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de los entrenadores/as en el desarrollo psicosocial del equipo, y apoyan la necesidad de formarles en el uso de estilos de liderazgo transformacional, que incidan sobre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas para promover la identidad social de los y las deportistas. (AU)

The aim of this study was to explore the association between coaches’ transformationalleadership style and athletes’ social identity, exploring the mediating role of satisfaction/frustration of athletes’ basic psychological needs. Participants were 524 basketball players (325 boys, 180 girls) aged between 11 and 17 years (Mage= 13.85; SD= 1.56) belonging to different clubs in the province of Valencia (Spain). The results showed significant associations between all the study variables. Furthermore, results confirmed the mediating role of the satisfaction of basic psychological needs between the transformational leadership of the coach and the social identity of the athletes, whereas the mediating role of the frustration of the basic psychological needs was not significant. The results highlight the importance of coaches in the psychosocial development of the team, and support the need to prepare them in the use of transformational leadership styles, which affect satisfaction of basic psychological needs to promote the social identity of the athletes. (AU)

O objectivo do estudo era explorar a associação entre o estilo de liderança transformacional dos treinadores e a identidade social dos atletas, explorando o papel mediador da satisfação/frustraçãodas necessidades psicológicas básicas dos atletas. Um total de 524 jogadores de basquetebol (325 rapazes, 180 raparigas) com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 17 anos (Midade= 13.85; TD= 1.56) de diferentes clubes da província de Valência (Espanha) participou. Os resultados mostraram associações significativas entre todas as variáveis do estudo. Do mesmo modo, foi confirmado o papel mediador da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas entre a liderança transformacional do treinador e a identidade social dos atletas. A mediação da frustração destas necessidades não foi significativa. Os resultados salientam a importância dos treinadores no desenvolvimento psicossocial da equipa, e apoiam a necessidade de os treinar na utilização de estilos de liderança transformacional, que influenciam a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas para promover a identidade social dos atletas. (AU)

Grit y motivación como predictores de las etapas de cambio hacia el control de peso en una población adulta / Grit and motivation as predictors of stages of change towards weight control in an adult population

Ante el aumento del porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel mundial, el control de peso es una conducta primordial de promoción de salud. La presente investigación integra el modelo de personalidad Grit, la teoría de la autodeterminación y el modelo transteórico del cambio para tratar de comprender la conducta del control de peso: El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar la personalidad Grit y la motivación como antecedentes psicológicos de las etapas de cambio para el control de peso. Participaron 1351 adultos de México entre 18 y 65 años, quienes cumplimentaron un paquete de cuestionarios con las variables de interés. Los resultados mostraron que la personalidad Grit se relacionó positiva y significativamente con las etapas de mantenimiento, acción, preparación y contemplación y de manera negativa y significativa con la etapa de precontemplación, a través de los tipos de motivación (autónoma, controlada y no motivación), sugiriendo que la personalidad Grit y la motivación son atributos importantes a tener en cuenta en el cambio hacia el control de peso. Este estudio provee de herramientas para la comprensión de la adherencia del control de peso a los profesionales implicados en la consulta nutricional y así promover un mejor abordaje interdisciplinar del sobrepeso y la obesidad.(AU)

Given the increasing percentage of overweight and obesity worldwide, weight control is a primary health-promoting behaviour. Inte-grating Grit personality, self-determination theory, and the transtheoretical model of change, this study evaluates Grit personality and motivation as psychological antecedents of the stages of change towards weight control. A total of 1351 Mexican adults between 18 and 65 years of age completed a packet of questionnaires on the variables of interest. The results showed that Grit personality was positively and significantly related to the mainte-nance, action, preparation, and contemplation stages, and negatively and significantly related to the precontemplation stage, through the types of motivation (autonomous, controlled, and amotivation),suggesting that Grit personality and motivation are important attributes to take into ac-count in the change towards weight control. This study provides tools to help professionals involved in nutritional consultation to understand weight control adherence, thus promoting a better interdisciplinary ap-proach to overweight and obesity.(AU)

Physical Activity, Healthy Behavior and Its Motivational Correlates: Exploring the Spillover Effect through Stages of Change.

On the basis of the spillover or transfer effect and the transtheoretical model of change, this study assessed the association between amount of physical activity, healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, and motivational types, as well as their variability across stages of change. A total of 1219 randomly selected Mexican adults from 18 to 65 years old, representative of the city of Monterrey (México), participated in the study. Correlation analyses, differences by gender, and multivariate analyses of variance, controlling for age, were performed. We found that in the maintenance stage, there is higher frequency of physical activity more healthy weight control behaviors, as well as higher autonomous motivation. In the contemplation stage, there is less physical activity, a higher frequency of unhealthy weight control behaviors, higher controlled motivation, and amotivation. Relationships were found between the healthy behaviors studied and the interaction dynamics observed across the stages of change, highlighting the key role of the contemplation and maintenance stages in weight control change. Physical activity as a targeted intervention objective could be a gateway to healthier weight control behavior, as well as higher autonomous motivation.

Understanding the antecedents of healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours: Grit, motivation and self-control.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the psychological antecedents or personal factors that lead to weight control behaviours that can help to develop more effective prevention strategies. DESIGN: The present correlational study has a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional design. A model was tested considering types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between the Grit personality and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours, with self-control as a moderator in the aforementioned indirect effects. SETTING: Monterrey (Nuevo León, México). PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 1219 adults (men = 599; women = 620) aged 18-65 years (M = 29·37, sd = 11·83). RESULTS: Findings supported the mediator role of the types of motivation. Specifically, Grit showed a positive indirect effect on healthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Conversely, Grit showed a negative indirect effect on unhealthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Furthermore, findings supported the moderator role of self-control in the relationship between amotivation and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the key role of Grit in the adoption of healthy or unhealthy control behaviours, as well as the role of autonomous motivation in the development of healthy behaviours.

Erratum: Rodríguez-Medellín, R., et al. Mexican Validation of the Engagement and Disaffection in Physical Education Scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1821.

The authors wish to add the following correction to their paper published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [...].

Mexican Validation of the Engagement and Disaffection in Physical Education Scale.

To date, no instrument adapted and validated that measures engagement and disaffection in the physical education class has been found, which limits the generation of knowledge of this area in Mexico. The aims of this study were to translate and adapt the engagement and disaffection scale to the context of physical education in Mexico and to examine its reliability, structure (two and four factors), and factorial invariance by gender in Mexican fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school students. A total of 1470 students participated (50.6% boys) with ages between 10 and 14 years (mean (M) = 10.56; standard deviation (SD) = 0.77) from federal (89.3%) and state (10.7%) elementary schools. Two factorial structures were tested (with four factors and two factors). The fit indexes of both models were satisfactory, and the factorial saturations were significant. The differences between the fit indexes of both models were irrelevant; therefore, the two-factor model was considered more suitable. The total strict invariance by gender was confirmed, and the reliabilities of the engagement and disaffection scale were acceptable. The Mexican version of the course engagement and disaffection scale in physical education is valid and useful to measure these constructs in the context of physical education in Mexico.

Influencia de la satisfacción, aburrimiento e importancia de la educación física en la intención de realizar actividad física extraescolar en adolescentes mexicanos / Influence of satisfaction, boredom and importance of physical education with the intention of performing extracurricular exercise amongst Mexican teenagers / Influência da satisfação, do aborrecimento e da importância da educação física na intenção de realizar atividade física extracurricular em adolescentes mexicanos

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de la satisfacción y/o aburrimiento en la clase de EF sobre la importancia que los estudiantes le otorgan a ésta y su relación con la intención de la práctica futura de la AF en el tiempo libre. Participaron 457 estudiantes (46 % chicos y 54% chicas) con edades entre 12 y 17 (M = 14,10; DT = 0,84) de la zona metropolitana de Monterrey. Se utilizaron tres instrumentos:1) Satisfacción Intrínseca en la Educación Física; 2) Importancia y Utilidad de la Educación Física y 3) Intención de Práctica Futura de Actividad Física en el Tiempo Libre (AFTL). El modelo propuesto se probó a través de una modelación de ecuaciones estructurales utilizando el LISREL 8.80. Se encontraron relaciones positivas y significativas de la satisfacción hacia la importancia de la EF (b = ,52, p < ,01), y la importancia de la EF con la intención hacia la práctica futura de la AFTL (b = ,44, p < ,01) y un efecto indirecto significativo de la satisfacción hacia la intención de la práctica futura de la AFTL (b = ,23, p < ,01). Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo demuestran la importancia de diseñar sesiones de EF innovadoras, dinámicas y divertidas ya que, de esta forma, se consigue que los adolescentes valoren y den más importancia a la asignatura de EF, aumentando la probabilidad que desarrollen comportamientos activos en un futuro, o actividades extraescolares que refuercen los beneficios de la actividad física en esta población joven

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the satisfaction and/or boredom of physical education class has over the importance that students give to the class and its relationships with the intention of the future practice of physical activity. 457 students (46% boys and 54% girls), with ages between 12 and 17 (M = 14,10; DT = 0,84) from metropolitan area of Monterrey participated in the study. Three instruments were used: 1) Intrinsic satisfaction in Physical Education, 2) Importance and utility of physical education and 3) Intention to partake in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). The proposed model was tested through structural equation modeling using LISREL 8.80. Significant and positive relationships of the satisfaction towards the importance of P.E. (b = ,52, p < ,01), and the importance of PE with the intention towards future practice of the LTPA (b = ,44, p < ,01) and significant indirect effect of satisfaction towards intentional future practices of the LTPA (b = ,23, p < ,01). The results obtained in the present study demonstrates the importance of designing new and improved and dynamic PE sessions so that adolescents give value and importance to the PE class, increasing the probability to develop active habits in the future or extra-curricular activities that will reinforce the benefits of physical activity in this adolescent population

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o efeito da satisfação e/ou descontentamento na aula de EF sobre a importância que os estudantes atribuem a esta e sua relação com a intenção da prática futura da AF no tempo livre. Participaram 457 estudantes (46 % garotos e 54% garotas) com idades entre 12 e 17 (M = 14,10; DT = 0,84) da zona metropolitana de Monterrey. Se utilizaram três instrumentos: 1) Satisfação Intrínseca na Educação Física; 2) Importância e Utilidade da Educação Física e 3) Intenção de Prática Futura de Atividade Física no Tempo Livre (AFTL). O modelo proposto se provou através de uma modelação de equações estruturais utilizando o LISREL 8.80. Se encontraram relações positivas e significativas da satisfação em relação a importância da EF (b = ,52, p < ,01), e a importância da EF com a intenção de uma pratica futura da AFTL (b = ,44, p < ,01) e um efeito indireto significativo da satisfação sobre a intenção da prática futura da AFTL (b = ,23, p < ,01). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstram a importância de desenhar seções de EF inovadoras, dinâmicas e divertidas já que, dessa forma, se consegue que os adolescentes valorizem e deem mais importância as aulas de EF, aumentando a probabilidade de que desenvolvam comportamentos ativos em um futuro ou atividades extraescolares que reforcem os benefícios da atividade física nessa população jovem

Validation of the Grit Scale and the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) in the Mexican context / Validación de la escala Grit y del Cuestionario de Autorregulación del Tratamiento (TSRQ) al contexto mexicano

Abstract The lack of valid tools to measure variables related to healthy behaviors in Mexico has led the authors to adapt and validate the Grit Scale and the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) for diet into Mexican Spanish, and explore the relationship between grit and types of motivation towards healthy eating as evidence of validity. The Grit Scale and the TSRQ in Spanish were put to 353 adults from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The Grit Scale was composed of 12 items distributed into two factors (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort), and the TSRQ for diet was composed of 15 items distributed into three factors (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation). Results showed acceptable fit indices for the long and short versions of the Grit Scale, confirming its two-factor structure. In addition, acceptable fit indices were found for the TSRQ for diet, indicating the presence of three latent factors. Significant and positive relationships were found between grit and autonomous motivation, and negative relationships with controlled and amotivation. The analyses carried out indicated that the instruments administrated are valid and reliable tools for use in Mexico.

Resumen La ausencia de instrumentos válidos para medir variables relacionadas con las conductas saludables en México, nos lleva al objetivo de adaptar y validar al idioma español hablado en México la escala Grit y el cuestionario de autorregulación del tratamiento (TSRQ) de la dieta, y explorar la relación entre el Grit y la motivación hacia la alimentación saludable como evidencia de validez. 353 adultos del estado de Nuevo León respondieron a la escala Grit adaptada al español conformada por 12 ítems distribuidos en dos factores (consistencia del interés y perseverancia del esfuerzo) y al TSRQ adaptada al español compuesto por 15 ítems en tres factores (motivación autónoma, motivación controlada y no motivación). Los resultados mostraron índices de ajuste aceptables para la versión larga y corta de la escala Grit confirmando su estructura bifactorial. Además, se encontraron índices de ajuste aceptables para el TSRQ de la dieta indicando la presencia de tres factores latentes. Se observaron relaciones significativas y positivas entre el Grit y la motivación autónoma, y de manera negativa con la motivación controlada y no motivación. Los análisis realizados indican que los instrumentos administrados son herramientas válidas y confiables para ser utilizadas en México.

Decisional balance, motivation and exercise enjoyment in a Mexican population sample / El Balance decisional y la autodeterminación como predictores del disfrute del ejercicio en una población mexicana

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of decisional balance and different types of motivation in predicting exercise enjoyment in a sample of 419 participants from the metropolitan area of Monterrey (Mexico), aged between 18 and 55 (Mage= 31.02 years; SD = 11.32; 50.1% males). A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to predict exercise enjoyment. Results indicated that decisional balance predicted 26% of exercise enjoyment variance, adding the different types of motivation a 15% of the variance (total R2 = .41). In conclusion, self-determined motivation makes a significant contribution to the prediction of exercise enjoyment by decisional balance (AU)

El propósito del presente estudio fue examinar el papel predictivo del balance decisional y los diferentes tipos de motivación sobre el disfrute con el ejercicio en una muestra de 419 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 55 años (Medad = 31.02; DT = 11.32; 50.1% varones) que viven en el área metropolitana de Monterrey (México). Se realizó un análisis de regresión jerárquica para predecir el disfrute con el ejercicio. Los resultados indicaron que el balance decisional predijo el 26% de la varianza del disfrute con el ejercicio, añadiendo los tipos de motivación un 15% de dicha varianza (R2 total = .41). Se concluye que la motivación auto-determinada es una variable que contribuye significativamente a la predicción del balance decisional sobre el disfrute con el ejercicio (AU)

Decisional balance, self-efficacy and its association to the exercise enjoyment in Mexican population / El balance decisional, la autoeficacia y su asociación con el disfrute con el ejercicio en población mexicana

Physical activity practice is a classic behaviour of the healthy lifestyle. Nonetheless, it is difficult for general population to have this behaviour among their habits. From the decision-making model, decisional balance has been identified as a relevant process in relation to doing physical activity. On the other hand, self-efficacy has been pointed out as a key point in relation to practice, adherence and enjoyment in physical activity. The aim of this study was to examine decisional balance and self-efficacy as a predictor of exercise enjoyment in a sample of 530 participants (48.2% male) between the ages of 11 and 76 (M = 33.22; SD = 15.27) from Monterrey (Mexico). Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to predict exercise enjoyment. Results showed that decisional balance and self-efficacy predicted enjoyment, additionally, self-efficacy played a mediational role between decisional balance and enjoyment (AU)

La práctica de actividad física es considerada una conducta clásica de los estilos de vida saludable. A pesar de ello, sigue habiendo dificultades para que la población general adquiera esta conducta entre sus hábitos. Desde el modelo de toma de decisiones, el balance decisional se ha identificado como un proceso relevante para la realización de actividad física. Por otro lado, la autoeficacia ha sido señalada como un aspecto clave para la práctica, adherencia y disfrute de la actividad física. El propósito del presente estudio fue examinar el rol predictor del balance decisional y la autoeficacia en el disfrute del ejercicio en una muestra de 530 personas (48.2% hombres) cuyas edades se encontraban entre los 11 y 76 años (M = 33.22; DT = 15.27) de Monterrey (México). Se realizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica para predecir el disfrute con el ejercicio. Los resultados indican que el balance decisional y la autoeficacia predicen el disfrute con el ejercicio, con un papel mediador de la autoeficacia entre el balance decisional y el disfrute (AU)